Coercive control is the pattern of intimidation, isolation, and degradation an abusive partner weaves through everyday communication — hard to point to in any single message, unmistakable across thousands.
A growing set of DV laws — California's SB 1141, Connecticut's Jennifer's Law, Washington's coercive-control statute — name the pattern as actionable, but courts mostly still need to be walked through the evidence.
Aurora reads years of message history between two parties and returns a cited brief that shows where the pattern lives, with every claim tied back to the actual text — built for the weeks before a hearing, used by attorneys, advocates, custody evaluators, and pro se litigants preparing their own cases.
The clinical and legal vocabulary for coercive control traces back to Evan Stark's work in the early 2000s. The frame is simple: an abusive partner secures dominance through a pattern of small acts — surveillance, micro-rules about money, isolation from friends and family, sustained degradation, contradictory accounts that undermine the partner's sense of reality — rather than (or alongside) episodic physical violence. Lisa Aronson Fontes describes the same phenomenon in relationship terms; Jennifer Katz and others have brought it into technology-enabled forms.
The phenomenon resists incident-based legal frameworks because no single act is necessarily the case. Traditional domestic violence law evolved around discrete events: an assault, a threat, a violation of a no-contact order. Coercive control is a pattern — distributed across thousands of small acts, most of which look innocuous in isolation. A judge reading any one message might reasonably say "this is conflict, not abuse." Reading two thousand of them in sequence is a different experience.
That's why message records — iMessage exports, co-parenting-app logs, email threads — are often the strongest evidence available. The volume itself is part of the proof. A single sharp message is deniable. Eight hundred sequenced ones, showing the same shape of demand-and-blame week after week, are harder to write off. What makes a record one of coercive control rather than ordinary conflict isn't any single piece — it's the constellation.
This is also why the laws below matter even where they don't create a new crime. Most of them work by adding coercive control to what counts as domestic violence for the purpose of a protective order or a custody decision. They give judges permission to consider the pattern as legally significant rather than dismissing it as "high conflict." Whether that permission translates into outcomes depends heavily on whether the evidence is presented in a form a court can actually read.
Below: jurisdictions with statutes that expressly name coercive control or its equivalent. Verified as of 29 May 2026. Where a bill is pending or a citation could not be confirmed against an authoritative source, that's noted. Entries are descriptive, not a substitute for reading the statute or consulting counsel.
Defines "disturbing the peace" to include coercive control — "a pattern of behavior that in purpose or effect unreasonably interferes with a person's free will and personal liberty." Grounds for a Domestic Violence Restraining Order. Examples written into the statute include isolation from support, deprivation of basic necessities, surveillance, and reproductive coercion.
Defines coercive control in family law and requires courts to consider evidence of it in domestic-violence and child-custody matters. Mandates training for judges, family investigators, and custody evaluators in recognizing the pattern.
Expands the statutory definition of domestic violence to include coercive control — "a pattern of behavior … that causes fear or harm … or restricts such person's freedom of action." Grounds for a relief- from-abuse order. Named for Jennifer Magnano and Jennifer Dulos.
The only US state that directly criminalizes coercive control as a stand-alone offence within its domestic-abuse statute — a petty misdemeanor inside a multi-year pilot program. Scheduled to sunset 30 June 2026 absent legislative extension, at which point § 709-906 reverts to its pre-2021 text.
Sunset pending reviewThe IDVA does not currently codify "coercive control" by name. Its existing definitions — "interference with personal liberty" and "willful deprivation" — reach some controlling conduct (isolation, restriction of movement, withholding of necessities), and grounds an order of protection on that basis. Multiple bills to add explicit coercive-control language have not passed; the most recent is HB 4659 (104th GA), still in committee.
Adjacent only; CC bill pendingAdds "coercion" to Maine's protection-from-abuse statute as a basis for a PFA order. The committee narrowed the original bill, which had spelled out an explicit definition, to a single statutory term — leaving the work of interpretation to the courts.
Defines coercive control as "a single act or pattern of behavior … that causes a fear of physical harm or a reduced sense of physical safety or autonomy." Makes coercive control a basis for a 209A restraining order. Statutory examples include monitoring communications, threatening to share intimate images, and isolating a household member.
Minnesota's 2024 custody amendments require courts to weigh domestic abuse (as defined in § 518B.01) when making custody determinations — including the nature and context of abuse and its parenting implications. The state has not enacted a stand-alone statutory definition of "coercive control"; the existing § 518B.01 frame remains narrower than the CC pattern as scholars define it.
S8633 would adopt a single statutory definition of coercive control across the Family Court Act, Domestic Relations Law, CPL, Judiciary Law and General Obligations Law, and would create a civil tort remedy (six-year limitations; compensatory, emotional-distress, punitive damages, fees). Still in the Senate Children & Families Committee. A parallel criminal-felony bill, S4079 / A679, sits in Senate Codes Committee. Neither has been signed.
PendingAdds "financial abuse" — coercive, deceptive, or controlling behavior limiting a person's ability to acquire or use economic resources — to the definition of domestic abuse, broadening protective-order eligibility. Separate 2024 laws addressed electronic-tracking stalking (§ 39-17-315) and GPS-monitor bail conditions for DV defendants (§ 40-11-152) but do not themselves define coercive control.
Folds coercive control into the consolidated civil-protection-order statute as a form of domestic violence. Statutory examples include intimidation, destroying or threatening property, monitoring online activity, distributing intimate images, taking over social media or financial accounts, and restricting access to transportation or money. Carves out a good-faith protective-action exception. 2025 amendments addressed notice and confidentiality, not the substantive definition.
Adds "economic violence" / violencia económica — conduct aimed at undermining a victim's financial stability, including restricting access to accounts, hiding financial information, and interfering with employment — to the recognized forms of domestic violence under Act 54. Not framed as "coercive control" by name, but covers a substantial part of the same conduct.
HB 713 (2022) was a criminal coercive-control bill that was continued to 2023 and then died without further action. No successor coercive-control bill has been introduced in 2023, 2024, 2025, or the 2026 session; advocacy has shifted to amending the civil code rather than creating a new criminal offense.
Proposed; not lawTwo bills to create a criminal coercive-control offence, inspired by the Mica Miller case. S. 588 is a stand-alone felony; S. 702 embeds CC across multiple existing statutes including family-court provisions. Both sit in Senate Judiciary; in May 2026 sponsor Sen. Goldfinch publicly conceded S. 702 will not pass this session.
PendingSponsored by Rep. Stephanie Dietz; the bill cleared House Judiciary 17–1 but never reached a floor vote before the 30-day session adjourned in March 2025. As of May 2026 no coercive-control bill is active in Kentucky; reintroduction in a future session is plausible.
Died in 2025 sessionThe gap. Most US states do not yet have a coercive-control statute. In those jurisdictions, conduct that looks like coercive control is reached only to the extent it fits inside existing incident-based domestic-violence, harassment, or stalking definitions — or, in family-law proceedings, through judicial discretion in custody and protective-order rulings. The absence of a statute does not mean the pattern doesn't exist. It means the courtroom argument has to do more work.
Creates the offence of controlling or coercive behaviour in an intimate or family relationship, where the behaviour has a serious effect on the victim and the defendant knew or ought to have known so. The first explicit criminalization of coercive control in a common-law jurisdiction. Maximum penalty: five years' imprisonment on indictment. The Domestic Abuse Act 2021 (in force April 2023) removed the cohabitation requirement, extending the offence to ex-partners and family members not living together; the maximum sentence was unchanged.
A single statutory offence covering the full course of abusive behaviour by a partner or ex-partner — psychological as well as physical — rather than criminalizing coercive control as a separate offence grafted onto a physical-assault framework. Widely described by scholars as "gold-standard" legislation because it aligns the legal definition with the contemporary understanding of domestic abuse as a pattern.
Creates a domestic-abuse offence covering controlling and coercive behaviour and psychological, emotional, financial, sexual, and digital abuse. Brought Northern Ireland into line with the rest of the UK and Ireland, which had each criminalized coercive control earlier.
Criminalizes coercive control of a spouse, civil partner, or intimate partner where the conduct is such as could reasonably be expected to have a serious effect on the victim. Maximum penalty: five years' imprisonment on indictment.
Made economic abuse (§ 8) and emotional abuse or intimidation (§ 9) criminal offences as part of the family-violence framework — the first jurisdiction in Australia to criminalize patterns of non-physical harm. Reforms to modernize these offences and extend the statutory limitation period have been under consideration.
The first Australian state to create a standalone criminal offence of coercive control by a current or former intimate partner. Maximum penalty: seven years' imprisonment. Requires a course of conduct intended to coerce or control, with a reasonable-person test for the effect.
Standalone criminal offence of coercive control in a domestic relationship. Maximum penalty: fourteen years' imprisonment — the highest in any Australian jurisdiction. Named for Hannah Clarke, who was killed with her three children in 2020.
Criminalizes coercive control with a maximum penalty of seven years' imprisonment. Inserts a new offence into the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA). Commencement deferred — expected by proclamation in 2027 to allow time for training and stakeholder consultation. Among the recommendations of the SA Royal Commission into Domestic, Family and Sexual Violence.
The 2024 bill (a Greens private member's bill by Rebecca Vassarotti MLA) lapsed at the end of the 10th Assembly after Vassarotti lost her seat in the October 2024 election. A new government bill targeting the same seven-year maximum, with a two-year implementation runway after passage, was introduced by Minister Marisa Paterson MLA in late May 2026. No coercive-control offence is in force in the ACT as of that date.
Pending; 2024 bill lapsedBill to create a standalone offence of coercive control within intimate-partner relationships, covering physical, emotional, psychological, and financial abuse as part of a course of conduct. Introduced by Ms Georgie Crozier MLC (Liberal/opposition) in December 2025 and still at second-reading stage; the Labor government has not introduced its own bill, and Aboriginal-led organizations (Djirra, VALS) have raised misidentification concerns. Victoria's existing Family Violence Protection Act 2008 already addresses coercive and controlling behaviour civilly.
PendingWA has expanded the civil definition of family violence in the Restraining Orders Act 1997 to expressly include patterns of coercive and controlling behaviour. A standalone criminal offence is explicitly on a "phased approach" recommended by the Commissioner for Victims of Crime — deferred behind continued legislative reform, training, and public education. No criminal-offence bill has been introduced.
Civil reform in force; criminal deferredThe Commonwealth Family Law Act recognizes patterns of coercive and controlling behaviour within the definition of family violence for parenting and related proceedings. The 2023 amendments repealed the presumption of equal shared parental responsibility, made any family-violence history a mandatory consideration, and introduced "harmful proceedings orders" to restrain vexatious litigation used as a vector of post-separation coercive control. The criminal offence remains a state/territory matter.
Creates a criminal offence of psychological violence by a spouse, partner, or cohabitant — originally "repeated actions," reframed in 2014 as "repeated words or behaviours having the object or effect of a degradation of the victim's living conditions, leading to an alteration of physical or mental health." Predates the term "coercive control" in French law and covers a substantial overlap with it. Three penalty tiers (current text in force since August 2020): three years and €45,000 by default; five years and €75,000 if the resulting work-incapacity exceeds eight days or if a minor was present; ten years and €150,000 where the victim attempts or commits suicide.
Beyond this list. The Istanbul Convention (Council of Europe, 2011) commits ratifying states to address psychological violence within an intimate relationship, which has driven legislation across continental Europe. The picture in Canada, New Zealand, and other common-law jurisdictions is moving but uneven; check current statutes before relying on anything not listed here.
Entries above were assembled from primary statutory text where accessible (state legislative portals, the UK National Archives legislation database, Australian state and federal parliaments) and cross-checked against secondary materials: the Battered Women's Justice Project's Coercive Control Codification Matrix, the American Bar Association's annual family-law statute surveys, the Marshall Project's reporting on coercive-control legislation, and law-firm and women's-legal-centre summaries jurisdiction by jurisdiction. The scholarship of Evan Stark, Lisa Aronson Fontes, Jennifer Katz, and others informs the framing of the phenomenon itself but is not the source of any specific citation.
This page should be reviewed periodically. Statutes are amended; pending bills become law or die; new jurisdictions enter the list. Anything below an entry's date stamp may be out of date.